国家开放大学电大本科《心理学》期末试题及答案（试卷号：1293）

2021-2022国家开放大学电大本科《心理学》期末试题及答案（试卷号：1293） 盗传必究 一、选择题（每小题3分，共30分，含单选和多选，请将正确答案的字母序号填入括号中） 1．在自然条件下，对心理现象的外部活动进行有计划、有系统的观察，从中发现心理现象发生和发展规律性的方法称之为( )。

A．调查法 B．个案法 C．观察法 D．测量法 2．构造主义心理学派的代表人物是( )。

A．冯特 B．铁钦纳 C．华生 D．苛勒 3．看见一朵玫瑰花并能认识它，这时的心理活动是( )。

A．思维 B．知觉 C．感觉 D．错觉 4．创造性思维的特征包括( )。

A．新颖性 B．流畅性 C．灵活性 D．精致性 5．认知神经科学研究发现，大脑某些部位的损伤或病变会导致语言能力的丧失，这支持了( )。

A．语言获得的条件反射学说 B．语言获得的强化学说 C．语言获得的社会学习理论 D．语言获得的先天因素说 6．下列哪些因素会影响到词汇的理解？( ) A．词频 B．词长 C．语义 D．语境 7．认为情绪的中心不在外周神经系统，而在中枢神经系统的丘脑。这个观点是( )提出的。

A．拉扎勒斯 B．阿诺德 C．坎农一巴德 D．詹姆斯 8．正直、诚恳、认真、乐于助人等属于性格的( )特征。

A．态度 B．意志 C．情绪 D．理智 9．以下属于投射测验的是( )。

A.艾森克人格问卷 B．罗夏墨迹测验 C．主题统觉测验 D．卡特尔16种人格因素问卷 10．躁狂发作、抑郁发作属于( )。

A.急性应激障碍 B．应激后障碍 C．心境障碍 D．人格障碍 二、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分） 11．感觉：是人们认识和理解外部世界的最初阶段。外部的物理刺激作用于人的感觉器官，人的头脑接受和加工了这些刺激的属性，进而认识了这些属性的过程，这就是感觉。

12.功能固着：是指在问题解决过程中，只看到事物的某种典型功能，而看不到该事物其他方面作用的现象。

13.情绪：是有机体反映客观事物与主体需要之间关系的态度体验。

14.心理健康：可以从三个角度来理解心理健康：从心理状态来理解，心理健康是一种认知和情绪的良好状态；

从心理特质来理解，心理健康就是没有心理障碍或人格障碍；

从积极心理学角度来看，心理健康是一种享受生活和承受生活压力的能力。

三、简答题（每小题10分，共30分） 15．注意的特点及其外部表现。

答：注意的两个特点是指向性和集中性。（3分） 注意是一种内部心理状态，可以通过人的外部行为表现出来。

(1)适应性运动。（2分） (2)生理变化。（2分） (3)无关动作停止。（2分） 注意作为一种内部心理状态，它和外部行为表现之间，并不总是一一对应的。（1分） 16．根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，简述复习时可遵循的策略。

答：德国心理学家艾宾浩斯最早对遗忘现象进行了科学的研究，根据实验结果绘成了著名的遗忘曲线。（1分）从曲线可以看出，遗忘在识记后的最初阶段速度最快，以后逐步变慢，即艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线表明，人类的遗忘规律是先快后慢。（3分） 根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，复习时应遵循的策略是：

(1)及时复习。（2分） (2)复习形式应该多样化。（2分） (3)合理的分配复习时间。（2分） 17．什么是动机？它具有哪些特点？ 答：动机是由目标或对象引导、激发和维持个体活动的内在心理过程或内部动力。也就是说，动机是由一定的目标引导和激发的、产生原动力推动个体的行为。（5分） 动机的特点；

(1)动力性。（1分）(2)指向性。（1分）(3)隐蔽性。（1分）(4)活动性。（1分）(5)维持性。（1分） 四、论述题（从下列2题中任选1题完成．20分） 18．试述影响能力发展与差异的因素。

答：能力的形成与发展依赖于多种因素的交互作用，这些因素既包括先天的遗传素质，又包括后天的环境、教育、个体的实践活动和人格特征等。（2分） (1)遗传素质是能力形成与发展的自然前提和物质基础。个体如果缺乏某一方面的素质，就难以发展某一方面的能力。如天生的盲人难以发展绘画能力；

先天失聪的人也无法培养高水平的音乐能力；

而唐氏综合症患者则很难智力超群，等等。（3分） (2)环境和教育是影响能力发展与差异的重要因素。

胎儿出生之前生活在母体的环境中，这种环境对胎儿的生长发育以及出生后智力的发展都有重要影响。

从出生到青少年时期，是个人生长发育的重要时期，也是智力发展的关键时期。如果此时忽视了环境的作用，将会造成儿童青少年的智力发展明显落后。许多学者都强调早期教育在个体能力发展中的重要性。人类的生命早期是个体发展最迅速的时期，在这一时期提供良好的教育会取得事半功倍的效果。（3分） 学校教育是有目的、有计划、有组织地对年轻一代施加影响的。首先，学校普遍地教育青少年具备起码的知识技能，学生在掌握知识技能的同时也发展了能力。其次，学校通过义务教育，帮助大部分无力承担子女教育的家庭实施对下一代的教育，这在一定程度上有助于缩小能力的个体差异。第三，学校有各方面的专业教师和多种设备器材，能够满足不同能力学生的需求，从而在新的水平上造就更加多姿多彩的个体差异，实现相对于学生个体能力而言的公平教育。（3分） (3)实践活动的影响。长年累月、坚持不懈地参加各种社会实践，会使相应的能力得到高度发展。比如，卖油翁熟能生巧的倒油能力，宇航员高超的平衡能力，职业经理人出色的管理能力等。（3分） (4)人格特征的影响。强烈的动机、浓厚的兴趣、顽强的意志等人格特征是促进能力发展的重要因素。（3分） 影响能力发展与差异的因素是多方面的，虽然无法精确估算各种影响因素在决定能力高低与发展历程中各自所占比重，但有一点是不可否定的，即遗传、环境、教育、实践活动和个体的人格特征在能力发展中的作用缺一不可。（3分） 19.结合生活中的实际例子，论述友谊在儿童发展中的重要作用。

答：友谊是一种自愿的、个人的关系，通常能够提供亲密和帮助，在友谊关系中，双方互相喜爱并寻求彼此相伴。（2分） 友谊在个体社会化过程中起着非常重要的作用，它不仅可以帮助儿童提高社会技能，还能够为儿童提供社会支持。（2分）具体来讲，友谊在儿童发展中的作用可以概括为四点。

（1）友谊可为儿童提供情感支持 友谊是一种充满深情的友好关系，儿童可以在这种关系中体验到真诚的关爱，因此可以消除儿童的孤独感；

在陌生场合或受到潜在威胁压力的情况下，有朋友在场可使儿童感受到情感支持，增强信心和勇气。研究发现，友谊可以提高儿童自我价值感，并进一步促进儿童的自豪感、自尊感和自我接纳的发展。

（2）友谊可以为儿童提供更多的玩耍、交往和娱乐机会 儿童的朋友越多，他们所拥有的交往和玩耍机会越多，从中体验到的快乐和兴趣也就越多，这些愉快体验能够促进儿童的心理向积极、健康的方向发展。福特等人研究发现，让儿童两两组合一起看电视卡通片，朋友组合的儿童比非朋友组合的儿童获得了更多快乐，研究者观察到，朋友组合者的大笑和微笑次数更多，朋友间有更多的交谈和互相注视，也显示出更多的社会反应，如分享彼此的情感等行为。

（3）友谊可以为儿童双方提供参照榜样，为儿童提供获得基本的社会技能的机会 儿童在交往过程中难免会出现矛盾和冲突，在矛盾冲突解决过程中，如果一方表现出谦让、分享、沟通、合作和道歉等行为，就会给另一方做出解决矛盾和冲突的榜样，儿童从中可以学习到更多的亲社会行为。反过来，当儿童表现出亲社会行为时，周围人的表扬、奖励以及冲突的有效解决都可以进一步强化儿童的积极行为。

另外处在友谊关系中的儿童，有更多的直接交流思想、自我表露的机会，由此他们可以获得自我了解、建立自信、“去自我中心化”的社会技能，而这些技能对成人期稳定的恋爱和婚姻关系建立至关重要。

（4）友谊可以为儿童提供社会支持和可靠的同盟 当儿童遇到危险或外来攻击的时候，最有可能提供社会支持的是朋友。朋友会以同盟军的身份站在儿童身边，成为坚强的后盾。当儿童感受到来自可靠同盟的支持时，会有更高程度的社会安全感。

很优秀的范文。

语言生动准确。

试卷代号：1162

中央广播电视大学2009-2010学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试英语Ⅱ(2) 试题

2010年1月

第一部分交际用语（共计10分，每小题2分）

1-5小题：阅读下面的小对话，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。

1.Can you help me clear up the me?-------------------- A.Tell me who made it B.No trouble at allC.Yes, that\\"ll be all right D.No problem 3.Is it going to be warm next week?------------------- A.Yes, it is B.I don\\"t believe it C.No, it hasn\\"t D.It changes all the time 5.15小题：阅读下面的句子，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上写出所选的字母符号。

6.Unfortunately the poor girl can\\"t do anything but ------- .all her belongings at alow price.A.to sell B.sellingC.sell D.sold 7.They were asked to avoid _ any water which had not been boiled. A.drinking B.to drink C.having D.not to be drunk 8.John was bored, _ he left his life in England.. A.in addition B.so C.however D.furthermore 9.She is very careful.She _ very few mistakes in her work. A.does B.takesC.makes D.gets 10.The workers are busy _ models for the exhibition. A.to make B.with makingC.being making D.making 11.--------- you change your mind, I won\\"t be able to help you. A.When B.UnleC.While D.So 12.We are going to have our office _ to make room for a new engineer. A.to rearrange B.rearrange C.rearranged D.rearranging 13.Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it _--------- last night. A.must rajn B.was raining C.may be raining D.must have rained 14.Do you think Tommy is--------- the truth? A.sayingB.tellingC.speaking D.talking 15.John fell asleep _

he was listening to the music.A.while B.before C.after D.as soon as 第三部分完形填空（每题2分，共20分）

16carrots can be made to taste of chocolate andapples can be made 18 .Some food that appears the same has been 19 improved, forexample, fish can be made to grow faster.Should we \\"be pleased or worried? Will newtechnology bring benefits, or is it about to g0 20 control? Genetically engineered foods are produced by taking genetic material from one speciesand transferring it 21 another.For example, an 6antifreeze\\" gene which appearsnaturally in Arctic fish has been introduced into tomatoes and strawberries 22 they don\\"t freezein cold weather; a human gene has been introduced into pigs to make them 23 morequickly. Some claim great advantages.They point out that crops can be made stronger and moredisease resistant, _ 24 _ pesticides can be reduced.They also maintain that food can bemade more nutritious

or that the fat content can 25 to make it healthier.16.A.are B.were C.is D.be 17.A.such that B.such as C.so that D.so as 18.A.more red B.much red C.redder D.reder 19.A.scientifically B.science C.scientific D.scientifical 20.A.under B.into C.out D.out of 21.A.for B.to C.out D.into 22.A.such that B.in order to C.so that D.so as to 23.A.grow B.to grow C.growing D.grown 24.A.because B.cause C.result D.so 25.A.be reducing B.be reduced C.reduced D.reducing 第四部分 阅读理解（共计30分，每小题2分） 26I gue you can put up with a mattre on the floor! 26.This paage is a letter of . A.an informal invitation B.a formal invitation C.thanks D.complaint 27.When Charles writes, "I\\"m sorry about the lack of warning", he means that he is sorry that _ . A: he did not give Bob a warning when Bob was unce in danger B.he is short of money, so he is not able to help Bob C.he should have given Bob a warning when he is in difficulty D.he is not able to write this letter to Bob earlier 28.Charles and his wife decided to hold the house-warming party9 mainly because A.they decided to have a rest after being busy moving to the new house B.they still had a little money left to afford the party C.the new motorway was open D.they wanted to meet their friends very much 29.From the letter we know that the new house that Charles moved in is B.two hours away from downtown A.very big x C.in a new housing estate D.easy to find in the map 30.In the sentence "Barbara and l hope that you can make it...", the phrase "make it" is used to say that Bob can A.manage to attend their party B.find their new house in two hours C.do the trip from Bedford to Flinders D.put up with a mattre on the floor 短文理解2 Cash of all kinds, the French franc, the German mark, and the Italian lira, is bound to disappear physically.The paper notes and gold coins may soon become curious collections of the pre-electronic age.Digital money can replace every use of cash money.It is true that electronic money has been around for decades.Each week billions of institutional dollars flow through the Interbank Payment System through telephone wires and satellite links.But in the 21st century, entirely new forms of digital moneywill become the means

of most personal financial trade.What a great change this will be! Digital credit cards, smart cards, electronic wallets and electronic checks will change our way of life in the 21st century.They are efficient and easy to use.Customers will not take money with them when they go shopping.They will pay their\\"bills from a smart cell phone or they will buy their coffee by using a digital credit card.How convenient it will be! And how easily people will do their shopping in such a way! With so many changes these days, the Internet will help speed up the end of cash.In Europe, some banks have been offering people electronic cash since late last year.Customers can withdraw money from their accounts through the bank\\"s website and store their incomes on their home PCs.As the electronic cash is downloaded, the customers\\" bank accounts are recorded.Since customers can use electronic cash to buy things on the Internet, electronic cash will transform the Internet into a global marketplace for everything.It is going to have a very big impact on our lives.The low cost of computer and communications has created a worldwide medium not just for finance, but also for many other things in our life.The Age of Internet has brought e-businees to our life, which perhaps will form the backbone of our economy.Mom and Pop can go global40小题：阅读下列短文，并根据短文内容判断其后的句子是否正确(T)、错误(F),还是文字中没有涉及相关信息(NG)。 阅读理解3 CETACEANS: FACT FILE There are over 80 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises, known collectively as "cetaceans", throughout the world.They come in all shapes and sizes.Here are some facts and figures about these incredible animals. 1.Largest The blue whale is the heaviest and Jongest animal on Earth.The average adult length is 25m for males and 26.2m for females, with body weights of 90-120 tonnes. 2.Smallest Hector\\"s dolphin is the world\\"s shortest cetacean.They may be only l.2m long when fully grown. 3.Largest Appetite A blue whale eats up t0 4 tonnes of krill daily.This is equivalent to eating a fully grown African elephant every day. 4.Deepest Dive The sperm whale is believed to dive deeper than any other cetacean.They have been known to

dive as deep as 2000m. 5.Longest Lived One bowhead whale is reported to have been 130 years old when it died.6.Heaviest Brain The sperm whale has the world\\"s heaviest brain which can weigh up t0 9.2kg.This compares with the average l.4kg for the brain of an adult human. 7.Most Endangered The baiji dolphin, or Chinese river dolphin, is the rarest dolphin in the world and isreported to be endangered.It lives in the Yangtze River in China.Conservation measures arebeing taken by the Chinese to save it..Questions 36-40: 36.Hector\\"s dolphin is the smallest fish in the world. 37.Blue whales eat as much as an African elephant does every day.38.Some whales can live for as long as 130 years. 39.Whales are cleverer than humans. 40.The brain of a sperm whale can be over 6 times heavier than a human one.第五部分书面表达（20分）

Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an email to口businepartner named Robert in London about your trip next week.You should write at least 80words and base your email on the Chinese outline below: 1．接受邀请下星期到英国观光旅游。2．希望对方能到机场接你。 3．告诉对方你抵达的日期和航班号等。

试卷代号：1 1 62 中央广播电视大学2009-2010学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试

英语Ⅱ(2) 试题答案及评分标准

第一部分交际用语（共计10分，每小题2分）

1．B 2．D 3．D 4．A 5．C 第二部分词汇与结构（共计20分．每小题2分）

6．C 7．A 8．B 9．C 10．D11．B 12．C13．D 14．B 15．A第三部分完形填空（共计20分，每小题2分）

16．A17.B 18．C 19．A 20．D21．B 22．C 23．A 24．D 25．B第四部分 阅读理解（共计30分，每小题2分） 26．A27.D 28．B 29．C 30.A31．C 32．A 33．D 34．B 35．C36.F 37.F 38.T 39.NG 40.T第五部分 写作（共计20分）

Sample Dear Robert, I\\"m very pleased to accept the kind invitation you extended in your last email.I\\"mplanning to spend my holiday in Britain next week.Since this is my first visit to your country, I hope you will be able to meet me at the airport.My flight details-the plane leaves Beijing at 12:30 next Thursday and arrives in London at 14:30 (local time).The flight number is CA1347. Thank you and looking forward to meeting you in London.Linlin

推荐访问:电大 期末 心理学